Lightning Distance, Sound, Booms, Rumble - Judging the distance of lightning and examining the reasons behind the different volumes and lengths of thunder rumbles.
These experiments are from Robert Krampf - The Happy Scientist
With all of the wonderful storms, I wanted to do an experiment that involved
something about lightning. One particularly long and wonderful roll of
thunder reminded me of an article I read in Scientific American several years
back. It talked about the sound of thunder and what it can tell us. To
learn more about this, you will need:
a thunderstorm or a recording of thunder
If you are lucky enough to have a thunderstorm handy, get to a safe place (in
your house or in a car) and listen to the sounds of the storm. If you don't
have thunder right now, you can use your
imagination and memory to remember how it sounds.
How does it sound? Does thunder just go "Boom!" and then stop? No.
Instead, you usually hear a loud boom followed by several seconds of rumble.
That rumble is what we are interested in today.
First, why does thunder rumble? You may remember that we talked about that
in a past experiment. In case you don't remember or if you are new to the
list, I will go quickly through that first. When you see the flash of
lightning, it usually takes several seconds before you hear the thunder.
That is because light travels much faster than sound. The light travels to
you in a tiny fraction of a second, but it takes the sound about 5 seconds to
travel each mile between the bolt of lightning and you. If you see the flash
and count 10 seconds before you hear the boom, the lightning was 2 miles away.
Now picture a lightning bolt. They can be several miles long. If the
nearest part of the bolt is one mile away, how many seconds will it take
before you hear it? 5, right? Ok, now if the farthest part of the bolt is 3
miles away, how long will it take to hear that part of the bolt? 15 seconds.
So you see the flash and 5 seconds later you hear the boom, followed by 10
seconds of rumble as you hear different parts of the lightning bolt. The end
of the rumble is the farthest part of the bolt.
Now we want to take a closer look (or listen) at the rumble. Is it just a
constant, steady rumble? Not usually. Often the thunder gets softer, then
louder, then softer, and so on. It makes sense that as you hear parts of the
lightning that are farther away that the sound would get softer, just as
other sounds are louder when they are near and softer when the source of the
sound is farther away.
But why would the rumble get louder? It has to do with the shape of a
lightning bolt. Are lightning bolts straight? Not usually. Instead, they
zig and zag, first one way and then another. Think about one segment of the
bolt. Imagine that this segment is headed straight down towards the ground.
Most of the sound is traveling to the sides, away from the bolt. The thunder
would sound louder to someone standing beside the bolt than it would to
someone directly under it. Don't worry. We are going to imagine that the
bolt takes another zig, so it misses both of our imaginary observers.
A bolt that is heading directly towards you or away from you will not sound
as loud as one that is traveling in another direction. As the lightning zigs
and zags along its pathway, it sounds louder and softer depending on whether
the segment you are hearing at that instant was traveling towards you or at
some other angle.
Several years ago, scientists set up a set of microphones around a large
field and used a computer to analyze the loudness of the bolt from different
microphones. This allowed them to plot out a 3D model of the bolt's pathway.
Just be sure to remember lightning safety. Observe storms from a safe place,
such as in your house or in a car. Safety always comes first with science.
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