Bernoulli Effect, Fluids, Pressure - I was playing with ideas for showing how inertia helps remove water from your clothes in the spin cycle of the washing machine. In the process, I saw something interesting and made a wrong guess, which led to even more interesting discoveries.
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These experiments are from Robert Krampf - The Happy Scientist
This week's experiment came as an accidental discovery while working on a
different experiment idea. I was playing with ideas for showing how inertia
helps remove water from your clothes in the spin cycle of the washing
machine. In the process, I saw something interesting and made a wrong
guess, which led to even more interesting discoveries. For this one, you
will need:
a towel
a shower that has a shower curtain
My original idea was to get a towel wet and then spin it round and round.
Inertia would cause the water in the towel to move outwards and fly off the
towel. Not wanting to make a mess (which I would have to clean up), I stuck
my arm and the wet towel into the shower. Closing the shower curtain as
much as I could, I began to swing the towel round and round, faster and
faster. The water was flying off the towel, just as I wanted it to, but the
shower curtain kept getting in the way. It would move inwards and get hit
by the towel. Why did the curtain keep moving inwards?
My first thought was the Bernoulli effect. Very simply that tells us that a
fast moving fluid (A fluid is something that flows, not necessarily a liquid)
will exert less sideways pressure than a slow moving fluid. The fast moving
towel makes the air in the shower move faster. That would mean that it
would not press as hard on the inside of the shower curtain. The air on the
outside of the curtain would still be pressing just as hard as usual. Since
the outside air was pushing inwards harder than the inside air was pushing
outwards, the curtain would be pushed inwards.
Science books used to say that the Bernoulli effect was what made airplanes
fly. The shape of an airplane wing was supposed to make the air travel
faster over the top of the wing, causing less downwards air pressure on the
wing. There was still just as much air pressure under the wing as usual,
pushing the wing upwards just as the shower curtain was pushed inwards.
When the wing is pushed upwards, so is the rest of the plane.
Sounds great, but in both cases the Bernoulli effect is not the whole answer.
For the airplane, most of the lift is caused by air hitting the bottom of
the wing. The wing is tilted, so that as the plane moves forward, most of
the air hits the bottom of the wing. You can see this by holding your hand
out the window as your car is moving down the highway. If you hold your
hand flat and tilt the front edge slightly upwards, you will feel the air
pushing it upwards. The collision between your hand and the air forces the
air downwards and your hand upwards. At this point, your mother will yell
at you and tell you to keep your hands inside the car.
With the spinning towel, there is also more to the story. Step inside the
shower and close the curtain. Face towards the curtain and spin the towel.
Pay close attention to where the curtain moves inwards. The strongest pull
seems to be in the center of your spinning towel. If the inward pull was
from the Bernoulli effect, then the pull would be strongest at the far end of
the towel, where the air is moving the fastest. Why is the strongest pull
in the center?
Spinning the towel causes the air inside the shower to spin as well. The
spinning air moves outwards, just as the water does. As the air moves
outwards, there is less air pressure left in the center. Surrounding air is
pushed in towards this low pressure area, and so is the shower curtain.
Since it is science fair time in many areas, I thought this was a very good
experiment, since my original hypothesis was wrong. Does that mean my
experiment was a failure? No. I learned more from guessing wrong. The
same is true for your science fair project. It is perfectly fine for your
hypothesis to turn out to be wrong, as long as you find out why and learn
something in the process.
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